Human Gene INS (ENST00000381330.5) from GENCODE V44
  Description: Homo sapiens insulin (INS), transcript variant 1, mRNA. (from RefSeq NM_000207)
RefSeq Summary (NM_000207): This gene encodes insulin, a peptide hormone that plays a vital role in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. After removal of the precursor signal peptide, proinsulin is post-translationally cleaved into three peptides: the B chain and A chain peptides, which are covalently linked via two disulfide bonds to form insulin, and C-peptide. Binding of insulin to the insulin receptor (INSR) stimulates glucose uptake. A multitude of mutant alleles with phenotypic effects have been identified, including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, permanent neonatal diabetes diabetes mellitus, maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10 and hyperproinsulinemia. There is a read-through gene, INS-IGF2, which overlaps with this gene at the 5' region and with the IGF2 gene at the 3' region. [provided by RefSeq, May 2020].
Gencode Transcript: ENST00000381330.5
Gencode Gene: ENSG00000254647.7
Transcript (Including UTRs)
   Position: hg38 chr11:2,159,779-2,161,209 Size: 1,431 Total Exon Count: 3 Strand: -
Coding Region
   Position: hg38 chr11:2,159,852-2,160,971 Size: 1,120 Coding Exon Count: 2 

Page IndexSequence and LinksUniProtKB CommentsPrimersMalaCardsCTD
RNA-Seq ExpressionMicroarray ExpressionRNA StructureProtein StructureOther SpeciesGO Annotations
mRNA DescriptionsPathwaysOther NamesGeneReviewsMethods
Data last updated at UCSC: 2023-08-18 00:09:47

-  Sequence and Links to Tools and Databases
 
Genomic Sequence (chr11:2,159,779-2,161,209)mRNA (may differ from genome)Protein (110 aa)
Gene SorterGenome BrowserOther Species FASTAGene interactionsTable SchemaAlphaFold
BioGPSEnsemblEntrez GeneExonPrimerGencodeGeneCards
HGNCHPRDLynxMalacardsMGIneXtProt
OMIMPubMedReactomeUniProtKBWikipediaBioGrid CRISPR DB

-  Comments and Description Text from UniProtKB
  ID: INS_HUMAN
DESCRIPTION: RecName: Full=Insulin; Contains: RecName: Full=Insulin B chain; Contains: RecName: Full=Insulin A chain; Flags: Precursor;
FUNCTION: Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver.
SUBUNIT: Heterodimer of a B chain and an A chain linked by two disulfide bonds.
SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted.
DISEASE: Defects in INS are the cause of familial hyperproinsulinemia (FHPRI) [MIM:176730].
DISEASE: Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus insulin- dependent type 2 (IDDM2) [MIM:125852]. IDDM2 is a multifactorial disorder of glucose homeostasis that is characterized by susceptibility to ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. Clinical fetaures are polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria which result from hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis and secondary thirst. These derangements result in long-term complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
DISEASE: Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus permanent neonatal (PNDM) [MIM:606176]. PNDM is a rare form of diabetes distinct from childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus type 1. It is characterized by insulin-requiring hyperglycemia that is diagnosed within the first months of life. Permanent neonatal diabetes requires lifelong therapy.
DISEASE: Defects in INS are a cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10 (MODY10) [MIM:613370]. MODY10 is a form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.
PHARMACEUTICAL: Available under the names Humulin or Humalog (Eli Lilly) and Novolin (Novo Nordisk). Used in the treatment of diabetes. Humalog is an insulin analog with 52-Lys-Pro-53 instead of 52-Pro-Lys-53.
SIMILARITY: Belongs to the insulin family.
SEQUENCE CAUTION: Sequence=AAA59179.1; Type=Erroneous gene model prediction;
WEB RESOURCE: Name=GeneReviews; URL="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/GeneTests/lab/gene/INS";
WEB RESOURCE: Name=Insulin at Eli Lilly; Note=Clinical information on Eli Lilly insulin products; URL="http://www.lillyDiabetes.com/Products/PatientInfo.cfm";
WEB RESOURCE: Name=Protein Spotlight; Note=Protein of the 20th century - Issue 9 of April 2001; URL="http://web.expasy.org/spotlight/back_issues/sptlt009.shtml";
WEB RESOURCE: Name=Wikipedia; Note=Insulin entry; URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin";

-  Primer design for this transcript
 

Primer3Plus can design qPCR Primers that straddle exon-exon-junctions, which amplify only cDNA, not genomic DNA.
Click here to load the transcript sequence and exon structure into Primer3Plus

Exonprimer can design one pair of Sanger sequencing primers around every exon, located in non-genic sequence.
Click here to open Exonprimer with this transcript

To design primers for a non-coding sequence, zoom to a region of interest and select from the drop-down menu: View > In External Tools > Primer3


-  MalaCards Disease Associations
  MalaCards Gene Search: INS
Diseases sorted by gene-association score: maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 10* (1300), hyperproinsulinemia* (1239), diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, 2* (1236), diabetes mellitus, permanent neonatal* (917), neonatal diabetes mellitus* (308), maturity-onset diabetes of the young* (183), ins-related permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus* (100), hyperglycemia (51), glucose intolerance (39), polycystic ovary syndrome (36), diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent (33), hyperinsulinism (30), prediabetes syndrome (28), gestational diabetes (28), fetal macrosomia (26), hypoglycemic coma (25), anovulation (25), carbohydrate metabolic disorder (25), glucose metabolism disease (22), acquired metabolic disease (22), acanthosis nigricans (22), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (21), endocrine pancreas disease (21), pancreas disease (21), diabetes mellitus, ketosis-prone (21), overnutrition (20), rabson-mendenhall syndrome (19), hyperandrogenism (19), brittle diabetes (19), insulin autoimmune syndrome (19), lipid metabolism disorder (17), diabetic autonomic neuropathy (17), fatty liver disease (16), diabetic neuropathy (16), vascular disease (16), insulinoma (16), microvascular complications of diabetes 5 (15), autonomic neuropathy (15), autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, type ii (15), abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome 1 (15), factitious disorder (15), morbid obesity (14), monocarboxylate transporter 1 deficiency (14), hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (14), diabetic angiopathy (13), post-surgical hypoinsulinemia (13), aortic valve prolapse (13), transient refractive change (13), erythrasma (13), benign pleural mesothelioma (13), leprechaunism (13), sheehan syndrome (13), acute insulin response (13), duodenitis (13), hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome (13), pancreatic islet cell tumors (13), duodenal somatostatinoma (13), aromatase deficiency (12), obesity (12), liver disease (12), stiff-person syndrome (11), lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 2 (11), chronic kidney failure (11), abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome (11), critical illness polyneuropathy (11), dumping syndrome (11), inflammatory and toxic neuropathy (11), lipodystrophy (10), hypoglycemia (10), early-onset schizophrenia (10), hyperuricemia (10), pituitary apoplexy (10), autonomic nervous system disease (10), scleredema adultorum (10), ovarian disease (9), diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, 23 (9), islet cell tumor (9), somatostatinoma (9), familial partial lipodystrophy (9), acromegaly (9), pancreatic agenesis (9), monogenic diabetes (9), hypopituitarism (9), fanconi-bickel syndrome (9), postural hypotension (9), microvascular complications of diabetes 3 (9), empty sella syndrome (9), gallbladder disease (9), secondary adrenal insufficiency (9), diabetic encephalopathy (9), background diabetic retinopathy (9), sleep apnea (9), endogenous depression (9), idiopathic edema (9), pituitary gland disease (8), obstructive sleep apnea (8), sex differentiation disease (8), pigmentation disease (8), craniopharyngioma (8), gastrinoma (8), 3-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (8), inherited metabolic disorder (8), malignant otitis externa (8), cardiovascular disease risk factor ) (8), familial hyperlipidemia (7), necrobiosis lipoidica (7), diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent (7), hypertriglyceridemia (7), diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, 15 (7), duodenal ulcer (7), postgastrectomy syndrome (7), coronary artery disease (7), diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, 12 (7), diabetes insipidus (7), neurogenic arthropathy (7), burns (6), autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (6), lipoprotein lipase deficiency (6), thalassemia major (6), adult syndrome (6), severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (6), fascioliasis (6), uremia (6), fetal erythroblastosis (6), granulosa cell tumor of the ovary (6), hyperchylomicronemia, late-onset (5), diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, 7 (5), hyperpituitarism (5), hypertension, essential (5), diabetes mellitus, transient neonatal, 1 (5), retinal vascular disease (5), alpha/beta t-cell lymphopenia with gamma/delta t-cell expansion, severe cytomegalovirus infection, and autoimmunity (5), wolfram syndrome (5), insulin-like growth factor i (5), cell type benign neoplasm (5), mediastinitis (5), rubeosis iridis (5), mucinoses (5), diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, 5 (4), diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, 11 (4), hypokalemic periodic paralysis, type 1 (4), diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, 13 (4), thyroid gland disease (4), diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, 6 (4), chromophobe adenoma (4), pituitary-dependent cushing's disease (4), alstrom syndrome (4), meninges hemangiopericytoma (3), hyperthyroidism (3), artery disease (3), endometrial cancer (3), arteriosclerosis (3), cerebrovascular disease (3), hypersensitivity reaction type ii disease (2), beckwith-wiedemann syndrome (2), heart disease (2), gonadal disease (2), urinary system disease (2), peripheral nervous system disease (2), myocardial infarction (2), lipid storage disease (2), prostate cancer (1), female reproductive system disease (1), hypercholesterolemia, familial (1), reproductive system disease (1), nervous system disease (1), gastrointestinal system disease (1)
* = Manually curated disease association

-  Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
  The following chemicals interact with this gene           more ... click here to view the complete list

-  RNA-Seq Expression Data from GTEx (53 Tissues, 570 Donors)
  Highest median expression: 1315.63 RPKM in Pancreas
Total median expression: 1317.64 RPKM



View in GTEx track of Genome Browser    View at GTEx portal     View GTEx Body Map

+  Microarray Expression Data
  Press "+" in the title bar above to open this section.

-  mRNA Secondary Structure of 3' and 5' UTRs
 
RegionFold EnergyBasesEnergy/Base
Display As
5' UTR -13.1059-0.222 Picture PostScript Text
3' UTR -12.7073-0.174 Picture PostScript Text

The RNAfold program from the Vienna RNA Package is used to perform the secondary structure predictions and folding calculations. The estimated folding energy is in kcal/mol. The more negative the energy, the more secondary structure the RNA is likely to have.

-  Protein Domain and Structure Information
  InterPro Domains: Graphical view of domain structure
IPR004825 - Insulin
IPR016179 - Insulin-like
IPR022353 - Insulin_CS
IPR022352 - Insulin_family

Pfam Domains:
PF00049 - Insulin/IGF/Relaxin family

Protein Data Bank (PDB) 3-D Structure
MuPIT help
1A7F - NMR 1AI0 - NMR 1AIY - NMR 1B9E - X-ray 1BEN - X-ray 1EFE - NMR 1EV3 - X-ray 1EV6 - X-ray 1EVR - X-ray 1FU2 - X-ray 1FUB - X-ray 1G7A - X-ray 1G7B - X-ray 1GUJ - X-ray MuPIT 1HIQ - NMR MuPIT 1HIS - NMR MuPIT 1HIT - NMR MuPIT 1HLS - NMR 1HTV - X-ray MuPIT 1HUI - NMR 1IOG - NMR 1IOH - NMR 1J73 - X-ray 1JCA - X-ray 1JCO - NMR MuPIT 1K3M - NMR 1KMF - NMR 1LKQ - NMR 1LPH - X-ray MuPIT 1MHI - NMR 1MHJ - NMR MuPIT 1MSO - X-ray 1OS3 - X-ray 1OS4 - X-ray 1Q4V - X-ray 1QIY - X-ray MuPIT 1QIZ - X-ray MuPIT 1QJ0 - X-ray MuPIT 1RWE - X-ray 1SF1 - NMR MuPIT 1SJT - NMR MuPIT 1SJU - NMR MuPIT 1T0C - NMR MuPIT 1T1K - NMR 1T1P - NMR 1T1Q - NMR 1TRZ - X-ray 1TYL - X-ray MuPIT 1TYM - X-ray MuPIT 1UZ9 - X-ray 1VKT - NMR MuPIT 1W8P - X-ray 1XDA - X-ray 1XGL - NMR MuPIT 1XW7 - X-ray 1ZEG - X-ray 1ZEH - X-ray 1ZNJ - X-ray 2AIY - NMR 2C8Q - X-ray 2C8R - X-ray 2CEU - X-ray MuPIT 2G54 - X-ray MuPIT 2G56 - X-ray MuPIT 2H67 - NMR MuPIT 2HH4 - NMR MuPIT 2HHO - NMR MuPIT 2HIU - NMR 2JMN - NMR MuPIT 2JUM - NMR 2JUU - NMR 2JUV - NMR 2JV1 - NMR MuPIT 2JZQ - NMR 2K91 - NMR 2K9R - NMR MuPIT 2KJJ - NMR 2KJU - NMR MuPIT 2KQP - NMR MuPIT 2KQQ - NMR MuPIT 2KXK - NMR MuPIT 2L1Y - NMR 2L1Z - NMR 2LGB - NMR 2OLY - X-ray 2OLZ - X-ray 2OM0 - X-ray 2OM1 - X-ray 2OMG - X-ray 2OMH - X-ray 2OMI - X-ray 2QIU - X-ray 2R34 - X-ray 2R35 - X-ray 2R36 - X-ray 2RN5 - NMR 2VJZ - X-ray MuPIT 2VK0 - X-ray MuPIT 2W44 - X-ray 2WBY - X-ray MuPIT 2WC0 - X-ray MuPIT 2WRU - X-ray 2WRV - X-ray 2WRW - X-ray 2WRX - X-ray 2WS0 - X-ray 2WS1 - X-ray 2WS4 - X-ray 2WS6 - X-ray 2WS7 - X-ray 3AIY - NMR 3BRR - X-ray 3BXQ - X-ray 3E7Y - X-ray MuPIT 3E7Z - X-ray MuPIT 3EXX - X-ray 3FQ9 - X-ray 3HYD - X-ray 3I3Z - X-ray 3I40 - X-ray 3ILG - X-ray 3INC - X-ray 3IR0 - X-ray 3JSD - X-ray 3KQ6 - X-ray 3P2X - X-ray 3P33 - X-ray 3Q6E - X-ray MuPIT 3ROV - X-ray 3TT8 - X-ray 3U4N - X-ray MuPIT 3UTQ - X-ray MuPIT 3UTS - X-ray MuPIT 3UTT - X-ray MuPIT 3ZQR - X-ray 3ZS2 - X-ray 3ZU1 - X-ray 4AIY - NMR 5AIY - NMR


ModBase Predicted Comparative 3D Structure on P01308
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The pictures above may be empty if there is no ModBase structure for the protein. The ModBase structure frequently covers just a fragment of the protein. You may be asked to log onto ModBase the first time you click on the pictures. It is simplest after logging in to just click on the picture again to get to the specific info on that model.

-  Orthologous Genes in Other Species
  Orthologies between human, mouse, and rat are computed by taking the best BLASTP hit, and filtering out non-syntenic hits. For more distant species reciprocal-best BLASTP hits are used. Note that the absence of an ortholog in the table below may reflect incomplete annotations in the other species rather than a true absence of the orthologous gene.
MouseRatZebrafishD. melanogasterC. elegansS. cerevisiae
Genome BrowserGenome BrowserNo orthologNo orthologNo orthologNo ortholog
Gene Details     
Gene Sorter     
MGIRGD    
Protein SequenceProtein Sequence    
AlignmentAlignment    

-  Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations with Structured Vocabulary
  Molecular Function:
GO:0002020 protease binding
GO:0005158 insulin receptor binding
GO:0005159 insulin-like growth factor receptor binding
GO:0005179 hormone activity
GO:0005515 protein binding
GO:0042802 identical protein binding

Biological Process:
GO:0000165 MAPK cascade
GO:0002674 negative regulation of acute inflammatory response
GO:0005975 carbohydrate metabolic process
GO:0006006 glucose metabolic process
GO:0006355 regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
GO:0006521 regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process
GO:0006888 ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
GO:0006953 acute-phase response
GO:0007186 G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
GO:0007267 cell-cell signaling
GO:0008284 positive regulation of cell proliferation
GO:0008286 insulin receptor signaling pathway
GO:0010469 regulation of receptor activity
GO:0010628 positive regulation of gene expression
GO:0010750 positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction
GO:0014068 positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling
GO:0022898 regulation of transmembrane transporter activity
GO:0030307 positive regulation of cell growth
GO:0030335 positive regulation of cell migration
GO:0031954 positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation
GO:0032148 activation of protein kinase B activity
GO:0032270 positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
GO:0032460 negative regulation of protein oligomerization
GO:0032880 regulation of protein localization
GO:0033861 negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity
GO:0042060 wound healing
GO:0042177 negative regulation of protein catabolic process
GO:0042593 glucose homeostasis
GO:0043410 positive regulation of MAPK cascade
GO:0044267 cellular protein metabolic process
GO:0045597 positive regulation of cell differentiation
GO:0045721 negative regulation of gluconeogenesis
GO:0045725 positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
GO:0045818 negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process
GO:0045821 positive regulation of glycolytic process
GO:0045840 positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division
GO:0045861 negative regulation of proteolysis
GO:0045922 negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
GO:0046326 positive regulation of glucose import
GO:0046628 positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
GO:0046631 alpha-beta T cell activation
GO:0046889 positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
GO:0048167 regulation of synaptic plasticity
GO:0050708 regulation of protein secretion
GO:0050709 negative regulation of protein secretion
GO:0050715 positive regulation of cytokine secretion
GO:0050731 positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
GO:0050890 cognition
GO:0050995 negative regulation of lipid catabolic process
GO:0051000 positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity
GO:0051092 positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
GO:0051897 positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling
GO:0055089 fatty acid homeostasis
GO:0060266 negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response
GO:0060267 positive regulation of respiratory burst
GO:0090277 positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion
GO:0090336 positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation
GO:1900182 positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus
GO:1900273 positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation
GO:1902176 negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
GO:1902952 positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance
GO:1903076 regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
GO:1903427 negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
GO:1990535 neuron projection maintenance
GO:2000252 negative regulation of feeding behavior
GO:2001275 positive regulation of glucose import in response to insulin stimulus

Cellular Component:
GO:0000139 Golgi membrane
GO:0005576 extracellular region
GO:0005615 extracellular space
GO:0005788 endoplasmic reticulum lumen
GO:0005796 Golgi lumen
GO:0030133 transport vesicle
GO:0031904 endosome lumen
GO:0033116 endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
GO:0034774 secretory granule lumen


-  Descriptions from all associated GenBank mRNAs
  DQ104205 - Homo sapiens INSIGF long transcript variant mRNA, complete cds, alternatively spliced.
DQ104204 - Homo sapiens INSIGF short transcript variant mRNA, complete cds, alternatively spliced.
BC148488 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:100015383, MGC:183013 INS-IGF2 readthrough transcript (INS-IGF2) mRNA, encodes complete protein.
BC153083 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:100016390, MGC:184293 INS-IGF2 readthrough transcript (INS-IGF2) mRNA, encodes complete protein.
E00191 - DNA coding for human proinsulin.
E00011 - RNA coding for human preproinsulin.
JQ951950 - Homo sapiens preproinsulin (INS) mRNA, complete cds.
X70508 - Homo sapiens mRNA for insulinoma pre-proinsulin.
BC005255 - Homo sapiens insulin, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:12292 IMAGE:3950204), complete cds.
AY899304 - Homo sapiens proinsulin mRNA, complete cds, alternatively spliced.
BT006808 - Homo sapiens insulin mRNA, complete cds.
DQ778082 - Homo sapiens clone BFC06103 insulin mRNA, complete cds.
JF909299 - Homo sapiens insulin (INS) mRNA, partial cds.
KJ891480 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone ccsbBroadEn_00874 INS gene, encodes complete protein.
KR710182 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone CCSBHm_00010255 INS (INS) mRNA, encodes complete protein.
KR710183 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone CCSBHm_00010256 INS (INS) mRNA, encodes complete protein.
KR710184 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone CCSBHm_00010257 INS (INS) mRNA, encodes complete protein.
KR710185 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone CCSBHm_00010262 INS (INS) mRNA, encodes complete protein.
DQ893040 - Synthetic construct clone IMAGE:100005670; FLH192922.01X; RZPDo839A1078D insulin (INS) gene, encodes complete protein.
DQ896283 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:100010743; FLH192918.01L; RZPDo839A1068D insulin (INS) gene, encodes complete protein.
AB587580 - Synthetic construct DNA, clone: pF1KB8864, Homo sapiens INS gene for insulin, without stop codon, in Flexi system.
JD521620 - Sequence 502644 from Patent EP1572962.
JD363620 - Sequence 344644 from Patent EP1572962.

-  Biochemical and Signaling Pathways
  KEGG - Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
hsa04114 - Oocyte meiosis
hsa04140 - Regulation of autophagy
hsa04150 - mTOR signaling pathway
hsa04810 - Regulation of actin cytoskeleton
hsa04910 - Insulin signaling pathway
hsa04914 - Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation
hsa04930 - Type II diabetes mellitus
hsa04940 - Type I diabetes mellitus
hsa04950 - Maturity onset diabetes of the young
hsa04960 - Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption
hsa05215 - Prostate cancer

Reactome (by CSHL, EBI, and GO)

Protein P01308 (Reactome details) participates in the following event(s):

R-HSA-264976 Proinsulin binds zinc and calcium forming Proinsulin:zinc:calcium
R-HSA-264997 Oxidation of cysteine to cystine in Proinsulin
R-HSA-9023159 Carboxypeptidase E cleaves C-peptide (Insulin(57-89)) to yield C-peptide (Insulin(57-87))
R-NUL-9023186 Carboxypeptidase E (rat Carboxypeptidase H) cleaves C-peptide (Insulin(57-89)) to yield C-peptide (Insulin(57-87))
R-HSA-9023178 PCSK2 cleaves Insulin(57-110) to yield Insulin(90-110) and C-peptide (Insulin(57-89))
R-NUL-9023180 Pcsk2 (rat) cleaves human Insulin(57-110) to yield Insulin(90-110) and C-peptide (Insulin(57-89))
R-HSA-74716 Insulin binds the insulin receptor
R-HSA-74726 Dissociation of insulin from insulin receptor
R-NUL-9023165 Pcsk1 (rat) cleaves human proinsulin to yield Insulin(25-56) and Insulin(57-110)
R-HSA-9023196 PCSK1 cleaves proinsulin to yield Insulin(25-56) and Insulin(57-110)
R-HSA-6807875 ARFGAP, cargo, v-SNAREs and p24 proteins bind nascent COPI complex
R-NUL-9023166 Carboxypeptidase E (rat Carboxypeptidase H) cleaves Insulin(25-56) to yield Insulin(25-54)
R-HSA-74707 Binding of IRS to insulin receptor
R-HSA-74740 Binding of SHC1 to insulin receptor
R-HSA-110011 Binding of Grb10 to the insulin receptor
R-HSA-74712 Dissociation of IRS-P from insulin receptor
R-HSA-74715 Autophosphorylation of insulin receptor
R-HSA-74743 Dissociation of p-Y427-SHC1 from insulin receptor
R-HSA-6807877 ARFGAPs stimulate ARF GTPase activity
R-HSA-6809003 ERGIC-to-Golgi vesicles bind dynein:dynactin
R-HSA-9023163 Carboxypeptidase E cleaves Insulin(25-56) to yield Insulin(25-54)
R-HSA-74742 Phosphorylation of SHC1
R-HSA-74711 Phosphorylation of IRS
R-HSA-6809011 cis-Golgi t-SNAREs bind YKT6 on tethered vesicle
R-HSA-6809006 Vesicle is tethered through binding GOLGA2:GORASP1, GOLGB1 and the COG complex
R-HSA-8857925 Inhibition of PP2A activity by phosphorylation of the catalytic subunit at tyrosine Y307
R-HSA-264876 Insulin processing
R-HSA-210745 Regulation of gene expression in beta cells
R-HSA-422356 Regulation of insulin secretion
R-HSA-74752 Signaling by Insulin receptor
R-HSA-77387 Insulin receptor recycling
R-HSA-2980736 Peptide hormone metabolism
R-HSA-186712 Regulation of beta-cell development
R-HSA-163685 Energy Metabolism
R-HSA-6807878 COPI-mediated anterograde transport
R-HSA-74713 IRS activation
R-HSA-74751 Insulin receptor signalling cascade
R-HSA-74749 Signal attenuation
R-HSA-9006934 Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins
R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology
R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism
R-HSA-199977 ER to Golgi Anterograde Transport
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction
R-HSA-199991 Membrane Trafficking
R-HSA-948021 Transport to the Golgi and subsequent modification
R-HSA-6811558 PI5P, PP2A and IER3 Regulate PI3K/AKT Signaling
R-HSA-977225 Amyloid fiber formation
R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport
R-HSA-446203 Asparagine N-linked glycosylation
R-HSA-199418 Negative regulation of the PI3K/AKT network
R-HSA-597592 Post-translational protein modification
R-HSA-1257604 PIP3 activates AKT signaling
R-HSA-9006925 Intracellular signaling by second messengers

-  Other Names for This Gene
  Alternate Gene Symbols: ENST00000381330.1, ENST00000381330.2, ENST00000381330.3, ENST00000381330.4, INS_HUMAN, NM_000207, P01308, Q5EEX2, uc001lvo.1, uc001lvo.2, uc001lvo.3
UCSC ID: ENST00000381330.5
RefSeq Accession: NM_000207
Protein: P01308 (aka INS_HUMAN)
CCDS: CCDS7729.1

-  GeneReviews for This Gene
  GeneReviews article(s) related to gene INS:
dmn (Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus)
mody-ov (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young Overview)

-  Methods, Credits, and Use Restrictions
  Click here for details on how this gene model was made and data restrictions if any.