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MTOR — RHEB
Pathways - manually collected, often from reviews:
-
KEGG mTOR signaling pathway:
RHEB
→
MTOR
(protein-protein, activation)
-
KEGG mTOR signaling pathway:
RHEB
→
MTOR
(protein-protein, indirect effect)
-
KEGG Insulin signaling pathway:
RHEB
→
MTOR
(protein-protein, activation)
-
NCI Pathway Database mTOR signaling pathway:
RHEB/GTP complex (RHEB)
→
mTORC1/PRAS40/DEPTOR complex (MTOR-MLST8-AKT1S1-DEPTOR-RPTOR)
(modification, activates)
Garami et al., Mol Cell 2003, Inoki et al., Genes Dev 2003, Vander Haar et al., Nat Cell Biol 2007, Sancak et al., Mol Cell 2007, Wang et al., J Biol Chem 2007, Peterson et al., Cell 2009
Evidence: mutant phenotype, assay, physical interaction
-
Reactome Reaction:
MTOR
→
RHEB
(reaction)
Inoki et al., Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2005*
-
Reactome Reaction:
MTOR
→
RHEB
(indirect_complex)
Inoki et al., Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2005*
-
WikiPathways Focal Adhesion-PI3K-Akt-mTOR-signaling pathway:
RHEB
→
MLST8/MTOR/RPTOR
(activation)
-
WikiPathways Angiopoietin Like Protein 8 Regulatory Pathway:
RHEB
→
Complex of RPTOR-MLST8-MTOR
(activation)
-
WikiPathways Insulin Signaling:
RHEB
→
MTOR
(activation)
-
WikiPathways PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway and therapeutic opportunities:
RHEB
→
Complex of RPTOR-MTOR
(activation)
-
WikiPathways Target Of Rapamycin (TOR) Signaling:
RHEB
→
MTOR
(activation)
-
WikiPathways BDNF-TrkB Signaling:
RHEB
→
MTOR
(activation)
Protein-Protein interactions - manually collected from original source literature:
Studies that report less than 10 interactions are marked with *
-
IRef Bind Interaction:
RHEB
—
MTOR
Long et al., Curr Biol 2005
-
IRef Bind_translation Interaction:
RHEB
—
MTOR
(affinity chromatography technology)
Long et al., Curr Biol 2005
-
IRef Biogrid Interaction:
RHEB
—
MTOR
(physical association, affinity chromatography technology)
Bernardi et al., Nature 2006
-
IRef Biogrid Interaction:
RHEB
—
MTOR
(physical association, affinity chromatography technology)
Smith et al., J Biol Chem 2005*
-
IRef Biogrid Interaction:
RHEB
—
MTOR
(direct interaction, pull down)
Long et al., J Biol Chem 2005*
-
IRef Biogrid Interaction:
RHEB
—
MTOR
(direct interaction, pull down)
Long et al., Curr Biol 2005
-
IRef Biogrid Interaction:
RHEB
—
MTOR
(physical association, affinity chromatography technology)
Long et al., Curr Biol 2005
-
IRef Dip Interaction:
RHEB
—
MTOR
(physical association, pull down)
Sun et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008*
-
IRef Hprd Interaction:
RHEB
—
MTOR
(in vivo)
Long et al., Curr Biol 2005, Long et al., J Biol Chem 2005*, Tee et al., FEBS Lett 2005*, Buerger et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006*
-
IRef Hprd Interaction:
RHEB
—
MTOR
(in vitro)
Long et al., Curr Biol 2005, Long et al., J Biol Chem 2005*, Tee et al., FEBS Lett 2005*, Buerger et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006*
-
IRef Intact Interaction:
RHEB
—
MTOR
(physical association, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation)
Tee et al., FEBS Lett 2005*
Text-mined interactions from Literome
Kimball et al., Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004 :
Tuberous sclerosis complex protein 2 is a GTPase activator protein for Rheb that is inhibited by amino acids, allowing
Rheb to
activate mTOR through a mechanism still to be delineated
Sato et al., Methods Enzymol 2008 :
Rheb plays critical roles in the activation of
mTOR , a serine/threonine kinase that is involved in the activation of protein synthesis and growth
Lu et al., Cancer Res 2010 (Skin Neoplasms) :
Small GTPase
Ras homologue enriched in brain (RHEB) binds and
activates the key metabolic regulator
mTORC1 , which has an important role in cancer cells, but the role of RHEB in cancer pathogenesis has not been shown
Xiao et al., PloS one 2012 (Breast Neoplasms) :
BITC treatment decreased phosphorylation of mTOR and its downstream targets ( P70s6k and 4E-BP1 ) in cultured MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 xenografts, but
activation of
mTOR by transient overexpression of its positive regulator
Rheb failed to confer protection against BITC induced autophagy
Dunlop et al., Cell Signal 2009 :
Finally, we show that
activation of
mTORC1 by both
Rheb and RhebL1 is impaired by FKBP38
Karbowniczek et al., J Biol Chem 2006 :
Importantly, the impact of Rheb on B-Raf/C-Raf heterodimerization and kinase activity are rapamycin-insensitive, indicating that they are independent of
Rheb activation of the
mammalian target of rapamycin-Raptor complex
Rapley et al., J Biol Chem 2011 :
Furthermore,
Rheb overexpression in 293E
activated mTORC1 signaling completely without causing PRAS40 release ... In conclusion, dissociation of PRAS40 from mTORC1 and enhanced mTORC1 substrate binding results from Akt and mTORC1 activation and makes little or no contribution to mTORC1 signaling, which rather is determined by
Rheb activation of
mTOR catalytic activity, through mechanisms that remain to be fully elucidated
Schewe et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008 (Carcinoma, Squamous Cell...) :
Downstream, ATF6alpha induces survival through the up-regulation of
Rheb and
activation of
mTOR signaling independent of Akt
Vega-Rubin-de-Celis et al., Biochemistry 2010 :
mTORC1 is
regulated by the small GTPase
Rheb , which in turn is regulated by the GTPase activating protein complex, TSC1/TSC2
Nie et al., Nat Neurosci 2010 :
Furthermore, Tsc2 deficiency and hyperactive
Rheb constitutively
activated mTOR and inhibited ephrin induced growth cone collapse
Avruch et al., Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009 :
The rag heterodimer interacts directly with mTORC1 and may direct mTORC1 to the Rheb containing vesicular compartment in response to amino acid sufficiency, enabling
Rheb-GTP activation of
mTORC1
Goodman et al., Mol Biol Cell 2010 (Hypertrophy) :
In this study, we determined that, in skeletal muscle, overexpression of
Rheb stimulates a PI3K/PKB independent activation of
mTOR signaling , and this is sufficient for the induction of a rapamycin-sensitive hypertrophic response
Li et al., J Biol Chem 2010 :
Similarly, active Rab5 selectively inhibits
mTORC1 activation by Rag GTPases, which are involved in amino acid signaling, but does not
inhibit the effect of
Rheb , which directly binds and activates mTORC1
Wu et al., J Biol Chem 2011 :
The p38ß-PRAK cascade targets
Rheb to
inhibit mTORC1 activity upon glucose depletion
Wu et al., J Biol Chem 2012 :
Although expression of the Raptor T908A mutant did not affect the mTORC1 integrity, it markedly impaired the
mTORC1 activation by insulin or by overexpression of the small
GTP binding protein RheB under nutrient starvation
Dennis et al., J Biol Chem 2011 :
In deprived cells,
mTORC1 was
activated by expressing either constitutively active ( ca )
Rheb or a caRagB·caRagC complex, and coexpression of the constructs had an additive effect
Acosta-Jaquez et al., Mol Cell Biol 2009 :
Here we focus on mTORC1 and show that
TSC/Rheb signaling
promotes mTOR S1261 phosphorylation in an amino acid dependent, rapamycin-insensitive, and autophosphorylation independent manner
Sato et al., J Biol Chem 2009 :
The
activation of
mTORC1 by
Rheb can be faithfully reproduced in vitro by using mTORC1 immunoprecipitated by the use of anti-raptor antibody from mammalian cells starved for nutrients ... FKBP38, a recently proposed mediator of Rheb action, appears not to be involved in the
Rheb dependent activation of
mTORC1 in vitro, because the preparation of mTORC1 that is devoid of FKBP38 is still activated by Rheb ... PRAS40, a TOR signaling ( TOS ) motif containing protein that competes with the binding of 4EBP1 to mTORC1, inhibits
Rheb induced activation of
mTORC1
Bai et al., Science 2007 :
Rheb activates
mTOR by antagonizing its endogenous inhibitor, FKBP38 ... We show that
Rheb regulates
mTOR through FKBP38, a member of the FK506 binding protein ( FKBP ) family that is structurally related to FKBP12 ...
Rheb interacts directly with FKBP38 and
prevents its association with
mTOR in a guanosine 5'-triphosphate ( GTP ) -dependent manner
Gao et al., Biol Reprod 2009 :
The abundance of
FRAP1 , RAPTOR, RICTOR, TSC1, and TSC2 mRNAs in endometria was unaffected by pregnancy status or by day of the estrous cycle or pregnancy ; however, levels of LST8, MAPKAP1,
RHEB , and EIF4EBP1 mRNA
increased in endometria during early pregnancy
Chakrabarti et al., Diabetes 2010 :
Activation of
mTORC1 signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by ectopic expression of
Rheb inhibits expression of ATGL and HSL at the level of transcription, suppresses lipolysis, increases de novo lipogenesis, and promotes intracellular accumulation of triglycerides
Yang et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006 :
We also observed that
Rheb does not
activate TORC2 in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, although it potently stimulates TORC1
Hanrahan et al., Methods Enzymol 2006 :
Rheb activation of
mTOR and S6K1 signaling
Ögmundsdóttir et al., PloS one 2012 :
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 ( mTORC1 ) is
activated by growth factor regulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase
(PI3K)/Akt/Rheb signalling and extracellular amino acids ( AAs ) to promote growth and proliferation
Karbowniczek et al., J Invest Dermatol 2008 (Melanoma...) :
mTOR is directly
activated by the small guanosine triphosphatase
Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) , in a farnesylation dependent manner
Li et al., J Biol Chem 2007 :
Rheb , a Ras related small GTPase, is a key upstream
activator of
mTOR
Zheng et al., Nat Cell Biol 2011 :
Phosphorylation of
Rheb at Ser 130 by PRAK impairs the nucleotide binding ability of Rheb and
inhibits Rheb mediated
mTORC1 activation
Sciarretta et al., Circulation 2012 (Metabolic Syndrome X...) :
Rheb inhibition
causes mTORC1 inhibition, because forced activation of Rheb, through Rheb overexpression in vitro and through inducible cardiac-specific Rheb overexpression in vivo, restored mTORC1 activity
Uhlenbrock et al., FEBS Lett 2009 :
Recent studies document that
Rheb activates
mTORC1 via direct, GTP dependent interaction with the peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerase FKBP38, which is proposed to act as an inhibitor of mTORC1
Wang et al., J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008 (Cardiomegaly) :
Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) positively
regulates mTORC1 ... We have studied whether
Rheb is
sufficient to activate
mTOR signaling and promote protein synthesis and cardiac hypertrophy in adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes ( ARVC ) ... Overexpression of
Rheb in ARVC
activated mTORC1 signaling, several components of the translational machinery and stimulated protein synthesis
Tamai et al., J Biol Chem 2013 (Hypertrophy) :
Thus,
Rheb dependent
mTORC1 activation becomes essential for cardiomyocyte hypertrophic growth after early postnatal period
Ma et al., J Biol Chem 2008 :
The Ras-like small GTPase
Rheb is an upstream
activator of the
mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)
Chakrabarti et al., Mol Endocrinol 2008 :
The activity of
mTORC1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was
up-regulated by stable expression of either constitutively active
Rheb or dominant negative AMP activated protein kinase
Roccio et al., Oncogene 2006 :
TSC2 is a GTPase activating protein for the small GTPase
Ras homologue enriched in brain (Rheb) , GTP loading of which
activates mTOR by a yet unidentified mechanism
Land et al., J Biol Chem 2007 (Neoplasms...) :
Our work shows that
activation of
mTOR by
Ras homologue enriched in brain (Rheb) overexpression potently enhances the activity of HIF1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) -A secretion during hypoxia, which is reversed with rapamycin
Inoki et al., Genes Dev 2003 :
Rheb stimulates the phosphorylation of
mTOR and plays an essential role in regulation of S6K and 4EBP1 in response to nutrients and cellular energy status
Kwiatkowski et al., Hum Mol Genet 2005 (Hamartoma...) :
In the absence of either TSC1 or TSC2, high levels of
Rheb-GTP lead to constitutive activation of
mTOR-raptor signaling, thereby leading to enhanced and deregulated protein synthesis and cell growth
Lacher et al., Oncogene 2010 (Cell Transformation, Neoplastic...) :
TSC2 negatively regulates the activity of the GTPase
Rheb and thereby
inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 ( mTORC1 ) signaling
Hong-Brown et al., Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012 :
Rag GTPases and
AMPK/TSC2/Rheb mediate the differential regulation of
mTORC1 signaling in response to alcohol and leucine
Li et al., J Biol Chem 2013 :
Interestingly, MARK4 selectively inhibits
mTORC1 activation by Rag GTPases, which are involved in amino acid signaling, but does not
inhibit the effect of
Rheb , which directly binds to and activates mTORC1
Codeluppi et al., J Neurosci 2009 (Disease Models, Animal...) :
Indeed, we found that
Rheb is
required for EGF dependent
mTOR activation in spinal cord astrocytes, whereas the Ras-MAP kinase pathway does not appear to be involved ... Furthermore, increased
Rheb expression likely
contributes to
mTOR activation in the injured spinal cord
Kwiatkowski , Cancer Biol Ther 2003 (Tuberous Sclerosis) :
Biochemical studies have shown that activated Akt phosphorylates TSC2 in the TSC1/TSC2 protein complex, inactivating it ; while TSC1/TSC2 has GAP activity for the Rheb GTPase ( a member of the ras family ), and activated
Rheb-GTP activates
mTOR
Yoon et al., J Biol Chem 2007 (Breast Neoplasms) :
In addition, the
activation of
mTOR by the overexpression of
RHEB in MDA-MB-231 cells increased the synthetic rates of both FASN and ACCalpha
Ching et al., Hum Mol Genet 2013 (Myositis, Inclusion Body) :
Expression of a constitutively active
Rheb enhanced
mTOR activity and increased the fiber size in VCP-IBM mouse skeletal muscle
Wagner et al., Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010 :
Rheb overexpression
induced mTORC1 activity and repressed contractile protein expression, but a farnesylation-deficient mutant ( C18S ) elicited the opposite effect
Ma et al., J Biol Chem 2010 :
The inhibitory action of FKBP38 is antagonized by
Rheb , an oncogenic small GTPase, which interacts with FKBP38 and
prevents its association with
mTOR